The Terai Arc Landscape (hereafter referred to as TAL) located in the foothills of the Himalayas and proximate plains of Indian Himalayan Region (IHR), is one of the most significant and distinct transboundary landscapes around the world. The landscape covers an area of approximately 49,500sq. km, comprising of 13 Protected Areas (PAs) starting from Parsa Wildlife Reserve in Nepal to Rajaji National Park in India. The region is also subjected to numerous anthropogenic pressures due to the high human density and resulting growth in development. The high rate of dependence of the local communities residing in and around the forests has led to unsustainable extraction of the forest resources. Another major issue identified in the area is unsustainable riverbed mining that has resulted in severe changes in the flow regime of the rivers. Among the mega-fauna found in this region, the important ones are tigers, elephants, one-horned rhinoceros, leopards, sloth bears, swamp deer and numerous herbivores. The diverse fauna of this area enjoys equally diverse floral diversity. The diversity can be estimated considering the fact that the area has twenty seven types and sub-types of Champion and Seth classified forests. This biodiversity rich area also supports over 3 million people, half of which are below poverty line. Subsequently, riverbed mining has become a good industry in the area, providing employment to a majority of the local population, thus, acquiring a mass base. However, the ecological and potential social conflicts imposed by it cannot be ignored (Irengbam et al., 2017). Despite the current protection in these refuges, they face an uncertain future because many of these patches are too small to support populations large enough to withstand the consequences of inbreeding (Dinerstein et al., 2006). This is particularly true for wide ranging species such as tigers and elephants, whose movement patterns get disrupted due to habitat fragmentation leading to increased incidences of human-wildlife interactions. The complex web of poverty, dependence, conflicts and the various political and governance issues has created a bottleneck for conservation in TAL which was among the most productive ecosystems in Asia, capable of rapid regeneration and supporting high densities of ungulates and tigers (Dinerstein, E. et al., 2006). It extends over Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in India, and accounts for nearly 22% of the tiger population in the country (Qureshi et al., 2014). The suite of pressures on tigers such as habitat loss, loss of habitat corridors, prey predation and poaching continue to take a toll on their populations in the TAL, a critical tiger conservation unit straddling the Indo-Nepal border (Johnsingh et al., 2004).